Concrete Legacies: Brutalism in Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia

The mid-20th century witnessed the emergence of Brutalism, an architectural style defined by its utilisation of raw concrete, geometric forms, and a commitment to function and structure. The term “Brutalism” derives from the French “béton brut,” translating to raw concrete.

In Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, Brutalist architecture stands as a significant aspect of the region’s built heritage. Iconic structures abound, reflecting the social and political ideals prevalent during this transformative era.

The impact of Brutalism endures in the urban landscapes of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, leaving an indelible mark on the identity of cities and embodying the socialist ideals that shaped the region in the mid-20th century. This story is part of “Balkans Rhapsody: A Cultural Journal Trilogy.”

Historical Context

Brutalism surfaced as a response to the devastation of World War II, calling for a new architectural language reflective of the societal and political changes. Influenced by architects like Le Corbusier and modernist principles, Brutalism found its place in the rebuilding of Europe.

In Yugoslavia, Brutalism became a conduit for expressing socialist ideals and fostering national identity. Monumental public buildings, housing complexes, and memorials emerged as physical manifestations of the values of the socialist state.

Architects like Bogdan Bogdanović, Juraj Neidhardt, Svetlana Kana Radević, and Edvard Ravnikar played pivotal roles in crafting the Brutalist landscape of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, leaving an indelible imprint on the region’s architectural identity. These architects, influenced by modernist principles and socialist ideals, left an indelible impact on the urban landscape, shaping the identity of cities.

Architectural Marvels

Noteworthy Brutalist structures include the Monument to the Battle of the Sutjeska in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the National Library of Kosovo in Serbia, Croatia’s Rudo Hotel, and more.
Characterised by raw concrete, geometric forms, and expressive structural elements, Brutalist buildings boast bold, monumental designs echoing the socialist ideals of the time. Here are some examples that I find interesting:

The Monument to the Fallen Fighters of the Zenica Partisan Detachment, located in Zenica, Bosnia, was built in 1968 and designed by Arfan Hozić.

The Lamela building in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, designed by Slobodan Jovandić, was built in 1976.

The Monument to the Revolution of the People of Moslavina, located in Podgarić, Croatia, was created by Dušan Džamonja in 1967.

The Petrova Gora Monument in Petrova Gora, Croatia, designed by Vojin Bakić, was erected in 1981.

The Genex Tower in Belgrade, Serbia, designed by Mihajlo Mitrović, was created in 1977.

The Eastern City Gate of Belgrade, situated in the capital of Serbia, was constructed from 1973 to 1976. The architectural design was led by architect Vera Ćirković, in collaboration with civil engineer Milutin Jerotijević.

Preservation Challenges

Demolition, neglect, and insensitive renovation pose threats to many Brutalist structures in the region, with a decline in appreciation contributing to the loss of significant landmarks. Ongoing debates surround the preservation of Brutalist architecture, with advocates emphasising its heritage and detractors calling for demolition. Despite these challenges, ongoing initiatives aim to protect and restore Brutalist landmarks, raising awareness of their significance and advocating for preservation.

Contemporary Perspectives

Public opinion on Brutalist architecture varies, with some advocating for preservation as part of the region’s heritage, while others call for demolition due to its socialist associations. Opportunities for adaptive reuse of Brutalist structures exist, presenting options for housing, offices, and cultural institutions that preserve these structures while meeting modern needs. Integrating Brutalism into contemporary urban planning poses challenges and opportunities, offering a means to preserve the region’s architectural heritage while fostering vibrant, sustainable urban environments.

International Recognition

Brutalist architecture in Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia gains international recognition for its unique design and historical importance, becoming an integral part of global architectural heritage.

International organisations contribute to recognition and preservation efforts, highlighting the importance of protecting and celebrating Brutalist architecture.

Brutalism’s influence on global architectural discourse has been profound, shaping the perspectives of architects and urban planners on the built environment.

Criticisms

Brutalism faces criticism for its imposing aesthetic and association with the socialist era, with concerns about its compatibility with contemporary cities.

Public sentiment towards Brutalist structures varies, fuelling debates on preservation versus demolition due to their historical associations.

Achieving a balance between preserving Brutalist architecture and meeting evolving city needs requires careful consideration of historical significance and potential adaptive reuse.

I conclude that Brutalism’s enduring legacy in Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia shapes city identities, serving as a tangible reminder of the socialist ideals that defined the region in the mid-20th century. Brutalist architecture significantly contributes to shaping the identity of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, reflecting the enduring impact of socialist values.

Preserving and celebrating the unique architectural heritage of Brutalism in the region is vital. These structures stand as crucial elements of the region’s built heritage, encapsulating a significant period in its history.